![]() The diaphragm, scalene and external intercostal muscles are primarily responsible for generating the inspiratory force while the abdominal wall muscles and internal intercostal muscles generate most of the expiratory force. Respiratory muscle weakness (RMW) is distinguished into dysfunction of inspiratory and expiratory muscles, which can be evaluated with measurements of maximal static inspiratory pressure (MIP, or PImax) and maximal static expiratory pressure (MEP, or PEmax). Most patients who are mechanically ventilated develop ICU-acquired respiratory weakness, which can contribute to failed weaning attempts, prolonged ICU-stay, and reduced chances of survival. This catabolic state might have started prior to critical illness and ICU admission and may extend beyond ICU discharge. Several underlying mechanisms, including immobility and catabolic processes, lead to mitochondrial loss and dysfunction which cause a decrease in muscle mass and impaired contractile muscle function. ICU-acquired weakness (ICU-AW) is one of the major physical consequences resulting from the combination of critical illness, sedation, mechanical ventilation, and immobilization. Recovery of critical illness is, nevertheless, challenging and often incomplete. Due to medical and technological advancements, interventions in the ICU are often lifesaving. Critical illness and medical treatments in the intensive care unit (ICU) impact on physiological and psychological functioning. ![]()
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